Nepal Transport and Climate Profile 2026
Outline
NEPAL
TRANSPORT AND CLIMATE PROFILE
Supported by:
Transport and Climate Change
Transport Energy Consumption
Adaptation and Resilience
Other Externalities
Vehicle Fleet
Urban Transport
Transport Investments
Transport and Climate Policy Documents
Distribution of Transport and Climate Policy Measures in Policy Documents
National Policy Priorities on Transport
Direct GHG Targets
These tables contains transport-relevant (e.g. economy-wide; sector-specific) GHG emissions targets as explicitly mentioned in the policy documents.
Economy-wide GHG emissions mandates
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | The reference indicators are the estimated GHG emissions and removals shown below. GHG emissions and removals for 2030 and 2035 was estimated for the Business-As-Usual (BAU) Scenario. For the base year of 2011 in the Second NDC (2020), the net GHG emissions and removals was estimated to be 31,998.91 GgCO2eq based on the preliminary GHG Inventory in the draft Third National Communication (2021). However, in the TNC (2021), the GHG emissions and removals for 2011 was revised to be 28,166.06 GgCO2eq based on improvements in estimation of GHG emissions and removals. Compared to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) Scenario, the quantified mitigation targets will reduce net GHG emissions and removals by 8,866.53 GgCO2eq (17.12%) in 2030 and 16,627.80 GgCO2eq (26.79%) in 2035. I | 2030 |
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | The reference indicators are the estimated GHG emissions and removals shown below. GHG emissions and removals for 2030 and 2035 was estimated for the Business-As-Usual (BAU) Scenario. For the base year of 2011 in the Second NDC (2020), the net GHG emissions and removals was estimated to be 31,998.91 GgCO2eq based on the preliminary GHG Inventory in the draft Third National Communication (2021). However, in the TNC (2021), the GHG emissions and removals for 2011 was revised to be 28,166.06 GgCO2eq based on improvements in estimation of GHG emissions and removals. Compared to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) Scenario, the quantified mitigation targets will reduce net GHG emissions and removals by 8,866.53 GgCO2eq (17.12%) in 2030 and 16,627.80 GgCO2eq (26.79%) in 2035. I | 2035 |
Indirect Transport Climate Change Targets
These tables show non-GHG targets as specified in the policy documents which indirectly benefit climate change mitigation and adaptation in the transport sector.
Ban of ICE sales
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Remove all petroleum-powered vehicles from four urban centres (Kathmandu Valley, Chitwan, Hetauda and Kavre) by 2028. (Bagmati Province Periodic Plan) | 2028 |
EV in public transport
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Build and operate at least 50 km by 2030 and 100 km by 2035 of integrated electric bus, trolley and light rail transit system in Kathmandu Valley | 2030 |
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Build and operate at least 50 km by 2030 and 100 km by 2035 of integrated electric bus, trolley and light rail transit system in Kathmandu Valley | 2035 |
EV mandates/ procurement
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | In 2030 and 2035, increase sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to 90% and 95% for all private passenger vehicles (including 2-wheelers), and to 70% and 90% for all public passenger vehicles respectively. (Baseline 2024 - 12.38% of private passenger vehicle sales were BEVs (46% of four-wheelers and 9.6% of twowheelers). 29% of public passenger vehicle sales were BEVs.) | 2030 |
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | In 2030 and 2035, increase sales of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to 90% and 95% for all private passenger vehicles (including 2-wheelers), and to 70% and 90% for all public passenger vehicles respectively. (Baseline 2024 - 12.38% of private passenger vehicle sales were BEVs (46% of four-wheelers and 9.6% of twowheelers). 29% of public passenger vehicle sales were BEVs.) | 2035 |
| National Implementation Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2080-2087) | 2023 | • By 2025, 25% of the total domestic passenger vehicle sales will be due to electric passenger vehicles. Share of sales to tri-electric public transport vehicles in total: Sales to public transport vehicles to be 20 percent (electric rickshaws and tri-electric tempos are included in target volume of sales to public transport vehicles) | 2025 |
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | 7.3.1: Share of EV in public transport systems 2025: 35% (SDG Targets & indicators) | 2025 |
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | 7.3.1: Share of EV in public transport systems 2030: 50% (SDG Targets & indicators) By 2030, increase sales of e-vehicles to cover 90% of all private passenger vehicle sales including two-wheelers and 60% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (this public passengertarget does nottake into account electric-rickshaws and electric-tempos) (NDC) | 2030 |
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | : i) In 2025, electric vehicles (e-vehicles) will account for 25 per cent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 20 per cent of all fourwheeler public passenger vehicle sales (excluding electric rickshaws and electric three-wheelers) (Second NDC) | 2025 |
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | Increase e-vehicle sales to 90 percent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 60 percent of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales by 2030. (excluding electric-rickshaws and electric threewheelers). (Second NDC) | 2030 |
| Second Nationally Determined Contribution - NPL | 2020 | Sales of electric vehicles (e-vehicles) in 2025 will be 25% of all private passenger vehicles sales, including two-wheelers and 20% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (this public passenger target does not take into account electricrickshaws and electric-tempos) in 2025. | 2025 |
| Second Nationally Determined Contribution - NPL | 2020 | By 2030, increase sales of e-vehicles to cover 90% of all private passenger vehicle sales, including two-wheelers and 60% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (the public passenger target does not take into account electric-rickshaws and electric-tempos). | 2030 |
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Gradually replace 20 percent demand capacity of diesel and petrol cars of the base case in year 2025 with electric and hybrid vehicle in equal share. | 2025 |
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Gradually replace 30 percent demand capacity of diesel and petrol cars of the base case in year 2030 with electric and hybrid vehicle in equal share. Facilitate imports of hybrid and electric cars by 15 percent. | 2030 |
Fuel quality improvement
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | By 2050, Nepal will decrease its dependency on fossils in the transport sector by 50%. (NDC) | 2050 |
Managing transport energy consumption
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | By 2050, Nepal will decrease its dependency on fossils in the transport sector by 50% through effective mass public transport means while promoting energy efficient and electrical vehicles | 2050 |
Public transport improvement - General
| Second Nationally Determined Contribution - NPL | 2020 | By 2025, ensure at least three provinces operate electric public transport, | 2025 |
Rail infrastructure expansion
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Build and operate 200 km by 2030 and 300 km by 2035 of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods (freight). (Baseline 2024 - 0 km. Note: 112 km of railway trackbed laid of around 1000 km planned length. 52 km operational using diesel-electric multiple units) | 2030 |
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Build and operate 200 km by 2030 and 300 km by 2035 of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods (freight). (Baseline 2024 - 0 km. Note: 112 km of railway trackbed laid of around 1000 km planned length. 52 km operational using diesel-electric multiple units) | 2035 |
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | By 2030, develop 200 km of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods. (NDC) | 2030 |
Railway electrification
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | iii) Develop a 200-kilometer electric rail network by 2030 to support public transportation and mass transportation of goods. (Second NDC) | 2030 |
| Second Nationally Determined Contribution - NPL | 2020 | By 2030, develop 200 km of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods. | 2030 |
Renewable energy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Ratio of renewable energy in total energy consumption = 12% (baseline 2018/19 = 7%) | 2024 |
Road infrastructure expansion
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Road density = 0.74 km/sqkm (baseline = 0.55 (2018/19)) National and provincial highways (up to 2 lanes) (*Only blacktopped roads) = 20,200 km (baseline = 7,794 (2018/19)) National highways (above 2 lanes, including fast tracks) = 1174 km (baseline = 96 (2018/19)) Railways = 348 km (baseline = 42 (2018/19)) | 2024 |
Transport finance - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Transportation, storage and communication Gross Domestic Product and sector-wise value addition target (In 10 million rupees) = 37,122 (baseline 2018/19 = 22,135) Economic growth rate and sector-wise value addition target = 10.8% (baseline 2018/19 = 5.9%) Sector-wise contribution to the gross domestic product = 7.7% (baseline 2018/19 = 7.2%) Incremental capital-output ratio and total investment (At the constant prices of FY 2018/19) (In 10 million rupees) = 45740 | 2024 |
X-minute city concept for accessibility
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Families with access to transportation within the distance of 30 minutes = 95 (baseline = 82 (2018/19)) | 2024 |
Transport and Climate Policy Measures
These tables list the policy measures that relate to climate change mitigation and adaptation in the transport sector that had been identified in the transport policy documents.
Access restriction by corridor/ road
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Bicycles and other NMT to be allowed only on roads suitable for them Study on the possibility of authorizing/ prohibiting vehicle use based on the traffic demand, terrain, altitude, and type of road. Declare vehicle-free zones (where deemed necessary) to improve safety of pedestrians and cyclists (as per MVTMA § 118). Incorporate location identifier/chip in Vehicle registration plate and discourage vehicles without permit to drive into the designated area. To relieve congestion in urban areas: initiate strategies including congestion pricing schemes, entry restriction based on the time of the day and type of vehicles, the minimum number of passengers in cars, maximum parking duration, and parking/ stopping spots for buses and taxis. | x | x | |||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Vehicles Free Zones' will be announced focusing on densely populated cities and settlements. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Study for possible restriction of motorcycles and cars (during peak hour) on the busiest routes in Kathmandu valley | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To restrict motorized vehicles in prescribed core areas. Arrangement shall. be made as to not allowing parking except in specified places. To maintain designed speed on the high-speed roads fast track and express way and in order not to allow speed breaking old and vehicles not having specified roadworthiness shall not be allowed to run. | x |
Accreditation of transport agencies and centres
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Amend the Guidelines on vehicle fitness inspection and testing to include maintenance workshops to be recognized by the vehicle manufacturer and qualification of authorized mechanics. Explore the possibilities to authorize the private sector for testing the vehicles and issuing driving permits. Production of a pool of qualified Road Safety Auditors through training and certification. Train and participate 10 auditors in at least one audit per year Update the list of etiquette for the driver, conductor, and passengers in the Public Transport Code of Conduct 2067 based on 1968 Convention on Road Traffic. Also include the percentage of standees allowed in different passenger vehicles; essential carry-on tools and spares; accessibility for the elderly and disabled. | x |
Active mobility - General
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | A non-motorized transport and mobility policy will be formulated and implemented by 2030. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Vehicles Free Zones' will be announced focusing on densely populated cities and settlements. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Recognize walk and NMT modes as the means of improving public health Promote bicycle clubs targeting rural tourists Discourage replacement of bicycle by motorcycle through public awareness and bicycle lanes. | x | x |
Active transport infrastructure expansion and improvement
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | By 2030, cycle lanes will be operational in all metropolitan and sub-metropolitan cities, and roads made friendly for cycling and walking by 2035. | x | ||||
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Provide a safe and comfortable road crossings in urban areas for pedestrians. Develop bicycle lanes and bicycle parking area in the city core and on the roads leading to it Registration and management of Non-motorised transport (NMT) as data are crucial to planning infrastructures and services | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Construction of service lanes and pedestrian facilities on national highways. Provisions of pedestrian facilities, such as overhead bridges Pedestrian way and dedicated bicycle lanes along national highway sections passing through the settlement areas. | x |
Adaptation-related education and training
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Awareness raising among key stakeholders |
Alternative fuels - General
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Promote hybrid-fuel systems for transportation vehicles. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Use of alternative and low-emission fuels |
Alternative trip schedules
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Study for possible restriction of motorcycles and cars (during peak hour) on the busiest routes in Kathmandu valley Arrange staggered working/school hours | x |
Aviation improvements - General
| National Implementation Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2080-2087) | 2023 | Development of capacity of airfriendly transport system and operational speed trains. | x |
Ban of ICE sales
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Reduce demand capacity of diesel and petrol cars by 10 percent of base case in 2020. | x |
Battery life cycle management
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Sustainable practices for battery recycling and skilled human resources will be developed including piloting by 2030. | x |
Bike sharing
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Bicycle-sharing will be implemented in at least 3 cities by 2030. | x |
Biofuels
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Economy-wide: Production of bio-diesel and ethanol and their use shall be promoted with appropriate fiscal and other incentives Introduce Ethanol blended gasoline E10 (10 percent blended with ethanol) in all gasoline vehicles. Introduce biodiesel B05 (5 percent blended with diesel) in all diesel vehicles. | x |
Budget/ identification of active mobility projects
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Invest for pedestrian and Non Motorized Transport (NMT) infrastructure in Kathmandu and other cities | x | x |
Budget/ identification of road projects
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Investment opportunities will be increased for national highways through the involvement of the project bank. | x |
Bus fleet renewal
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Improve the condition of road-based public transport with viable options, such as introduction of high-capacity buses, provision of bus lane or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system Introduction of trolley buses or electric buses in Kathmandu Provision of high-quality buses (with bus info system, WiFi) | x |
Bus rapid transit (BRT) system improvement
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | emphasize mass transit and bus rapid transit (15th Five-Year Plan (2019/20 – 2023/24)) | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | A bus rapid transit system will be prioritized by emphasizing on mass transport. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Improve the condition of road-based public transport with viable options, such as introduction of high-capacity buses, provision of bus lane or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system Introduction of bus lane or BRT routes where the existing road width permits | x |
Bus route and service improvement
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Explore mass passenger transport alternatives in Metro and Sub-metro cities. Undertake adequate study prior to awarding route permits for inter-province buses and make necessary arrangments to record routes in an electronic platform | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Route permits for vehicles will be issued only after assessing road conditions, and the public transport system in major cities including the federal capital will be re-routed. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Operating electric bus, tram and other public transport vehicles, especially in cities. (NTP) Introducing electric bus public transportation in urban areas (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) Reform route and permit management for electric public transport | x | x |
Capacity building - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Human resources related to the road sub-sector will be imparted high-quality training to develop their practical skills. The in-house staff of the road sector will be optimally involved in projects implemented under foreign aid to help transfer knowledge, skills, and technologies. The institutional capacity of the private sector involved in infrastructure development will be strengthened. The capacity of human resources engaged in the construction, operation, and other managerial aspects of railways will be enhanced. Human resources related to water transport will be developed and capacitated | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Promoting integrated land-use and transport planning, through institutional and capacity development. (National Urban Development Strategy) | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Building capacity of government institutions (central and local level governments) · Upgrade technical capacity of private firms involved in infrastructure design and construction (consultants and contractors) · | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To develop the professional skills, standard, managerial ability, betters utilization of equipment and training and fair competition among constructors |
Capacity building and education for disaster preparedness and recovery in transport
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Build capacity and increase awareness on climate-resilient industry and infrastructure operations to ITPI stakeholders and service providers | x |
Climate-informed design standards
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Climate-resilient planning in transport infrastructure projects will be embedded in revised regulations. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Special precautions will be taken during the design and construction of roads and bridges to minimize the impact and damage from natural calamities and climate adversities. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Adopt design standards to adapt climate change and other hazards Adopting hierarchical design standards based on the strategic importance of a particular route of link Adopt higher design standard for strategic roads (eg access to hospital etc) | x |
Coordinate planning across government agencies
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Other infrastructure sectors will be coordinated for the construction of national highways | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Coordinated planning of transport network with other sectoral plans, such as industrial zones, hydropower development, eco-tourism, agro-industries and so on. Achieve integration between national transport network and regional development plan Early planning intervention to ensure land-use and transport coordination in newly (recently) declared municipalities or newly extended areas of existing municipalities or metro (and sub-metro) cities. Establish linkage/partnership/collaboration with concern agencies /institutions/stakeholders national and international levels. | x | x | x | ||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | In constructing new roads in urban areas, public utility services like sewage, drinking water, telephone, electricity, shall be managed separately away from the road pavement to the possible extend. Cycle lane shall be managed separately. A National Transport Board is constructed subject to connecting all authorities relating to transport including civil aviation If the project (road) operated by the local bodies gets feasible from the point view of traffic density, standard of service and self-reliance, such roads may be included into the central system and shall be included into the concerned authority gradually. | x | x |
Data collection and repositories - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Registration and management of Non-motorised transport (NMT) as data are crucial to planning infrastructures and services Establish a national database linking weighbridges at border crossing points and on highways Establish a provincial and national database to keep the record of initial registration, vehicle use authorization, inspection history, crash history, ownership history, and driver history. Grant access to the registration data to all TMO and Traffic Police Offices, and disseminate regularly on the official website. | x | ||||
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Develop a nationwide and accessible resource, data and information pool that sopport building capacities of resilient ITPI. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | A data center will be established and developed for a one-window system for information on drivers' licenses and vehicle registration. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Improve data collection on vehicle registration and scrapping Establish data collection and sharing protocol for air quality data | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Maintain data-base of basic transport data | x | x | |||
| Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) | 1993 | Records of motor vehicle to be maintained | x |
Data modelling
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Development of a GIS-based national road accessibility model to find settlements still not connected through accessibility audit. Development of a GIS-based model on bus routes and frequency | x |
Decreasing transport activity
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | avoid unnecessary travel, reduce trip distance (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Reduce travel demand by o Land-use and transport coordination o Pricing transport to reflect real social cost | x |
Development of EV plan/policy
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | develop and implement a national program for e-mobility (National Action Plan for Electric Mobility, 2018) | x |
Development of active mobility plan/ policy
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | A non-motorized transport and mobility policy will be formulated and implemented by 2030. | x |
Development of aviation plan/policy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | A national air service agreement strategy will be formulated, and air service agreements will be concluded with new destination countries. | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Policies relating to air transport shall be considered as part of the National Transport Policy itself | x |
Development of climate change/ low carbon plan/ policy
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | Nepal plans to formulate the Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy that will envision country's future plan to promote economic development through low carbon emission with particular focus on: (i) energy; (ii) agriculture and livestock; (iii) forests; (iv) industry; (v) human settlements and wastes; (vi) transport; and vii) commercial sectors | x | x |
Development of public transport plan/ policy
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Prepare a Master Plan for mass transit in Kathmandu (high capacity bus, BRT, LRT, MRT) | x | x |
Development of rail plan/ policy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Legal and policy arrangements will be put in place for the management of railways. | x |
Development of road plan/ policy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | A long-term master plan will be developed by categorizing roads based on different standards such as load-bearing capacity, traffic volume, and contribution to the economy. Project implementation will be started after preparing a comprehensive plan of action, including preparatory activities such as land acquisition, right of way, drawing, and approval for the utilization of forest area. | x |
Development of shipping/ maritime/ inland water transport (IWT) plan/ policy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | New laws and policies will be introduced, and existing laws will be revised in accordance with international laws and practices for the development and operation of water transport. | x |
Development of transport plan/ policy
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | For the improvement of the urban environment, a plan will be formulated implemented based on the concept of integrated urban infrastructure including transport, urban roads, drinking water supply, sewerage, housing, parks, open green areas, market areas, and bus parks. | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Preparing comprehensive transport management standards and plans. (National Urban Development Strategy) | x | x |
Disaster notification/ early warning system
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Major highways will be equipped with early warning systems. | x |
Driver licensing
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ensure separate operation permits are issued for motorcycles to be used on highways and city roads Provision for compulsory insurance in road works contracts of all sizes, executed by any agency and in any geographic location. Strictly enforce the existing legal provisions on compulsory insurance against motor vehicle crashes as per MVTMA Chapter 8 (MVTMR Chapter 7) Ensure vehicles carrying dangerous or oversized goods use conspicuous signs (as per VTMA § 127). Amend MVTMR to accommodate a list of offenses, violation of which on incremental basis is made proportional to the duration for which a driving license would be suspended. Uniform test parameters and procedure throughout the country Further categorization of driving permits based on the purpose of driving. Provision for a compulsory refresher course on traffic management and road safety during the renewal of the driving license. Make amendments in MVTMR to require training participation for each change/addition of vehicle type in driving license while renewing driving license No vendors on pedestrian walkways except in sections specifically permitted by the municipality | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Reviewing guidelines for environmental and social assessment Stringent conditions for issuing driving licenses for public transport vehicles | x |
Dry ports
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Provision of container port (dry port) | x | x |
EV - General
| Strategy and Initiatives for Electrification of Public Transportation in Nepal | n.d. | Provision for Converting the fossil fuel vehicles to environment friendly vehicles (Environment Friendly Vehicles and Transport Policy 2014) | x | ||||
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Electric vehicle standard, technical human resources, and dedicated service centers will be established by 2030 | x | ||||
| National Implementation Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2080-2087) | 2023 | Promotion and promotion of electric mobility, public transport | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | encourage electrification of the public transport sector (Periodic Plans of Local Governments) energy-efficient technologies and promotion of electrical energy in industry, transport and physical infrastructure sectors; (ii) promotion of electrical vehicles; (National Climate Change Policy, 2019) clean vehicles such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and hydrogenpowered vehicles will be promoted. (National Environment Policy, 2019) Encouraging manufacturing of environment-friendly vehicles, including EV. (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | x | |||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The priority will be given for the use of the electric vehicles. Electric vehicles will be promoted and appropriate tariffs will be fixed by conducting a study on tariff rates. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Expanding the use of electric vehicles (National Transport Policy) Encouraging manufacturing of environment friendly vehicles, which include electric vehicles. Increasing the share of what the policy terms “environment friendly vehicles” to a minimum of 20% of the total vehicle fleet by 2020. (Environment Friendly Transport Policy) Promoting electric vehicles across all systems. (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) Facilitating and increasing the import of hybrid and electric vehicles. (National Energy Strategy) Develop informational campaign for electric mobility Development government fleet of electric vehicles Ease restrictions on electric two-wheelers | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | increase the share of electric vehicle up to 20% by 2020, promote the transformation of other regular vehicle to electric vehicle | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Electrification of transport vehicles | x |
EV charging infrastructure
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Sufficient charging stations and infrastructure will be developed to meet the quantified BEV targets by 2030 and 2035. | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | establishing charging stations for EV (15th Five-Year Plan (2019/20 – 2023/24)) Within one year, establish charging stations and bus terminals with charging facilities in partnership with the private sector. Within two years, develop legal measures for the conversion of old vehicles to EV. (Kathmandu Valley Air Quality Management Action Plan, 2076 [2020]) Facilitating land for the construction of ten charging stations in Kathmandu, under a pilot initiative. Installing charging stations in retail outlets such as shopping malls, hotels and large parking areas. (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | x | |||
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | Installation and expansion of charging stations | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Charging stations will be gradually set up as needed with the participation from the private sector to promote electric vehicles. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Facilitating land for the construction of ten charging stations in Kathmandu, under a pilot initiative. Installing charging stations in retail outlets such as shopping malls, hotels and large parking areas. (Environment Friendly Transport Policy) Ensuring continuous supply of power to electric vehicle charging stations. (National Energy Strategy) Identify and co-fund charging infrastructure project | x | ||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Ensure continuous supply of electricity to the electrical vehicle recharge stations. | x |
EV in public transport
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | Electrification in all end-use services in urban areas · Promotion of electric mass passenger transport Electrification in freight transport | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To operate bus, tram and other vehicles powered by gas, electricity and solar power. | x | x |
EV mandates/ procurement
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | conversion of 20% of vehicles in Nepal to clean vehicles by the next five years. (Road, Rail and Transport Development for Prosperous Nepal – Five Year Strategic Plan (2073-2078)) | x | x | |||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Reduce demand capacity of diesel and petrol cars by 10 percent of base case in 2020. Electric and Hybrid cars substituting this capacity by 5 percent each. Facilitate imports of hybrid and electric cars | x |
EV pilot projects
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Facilitating land for the construction of ten charging stations in Kathmandu, under a pilot initiative. Installing charging stations in retail outlets such as shopping malls, hotels and large parking areas. (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | x |
Education and behavior change - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ride-sharing culture will be developed. Accommodate road safety in the next revision of formal and informal education curricula, teachers' guide, and standard reference material. Introduce incentives for commercial drivers/operators having crash-free records for a year Continuous enforcement at zebra crossings for a month each year to help develop an involuntary reflex to stop. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Training for capacity development and behavioral change will be conducted for the human resources involved in the transport sector | x |
Energy efficient vehicle incentives excl. EVs
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | provide subsidy scheme for the promotion of electric and non-motorized vehicles | x | ||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Exempt tax in purchase of vehicles running on alternate fuels. | x |
Enforcement - General
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Change legislation for police empowerment on polluting vehicles | x |
Express lanes/ public transport priority
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Planning for bus lane in newly constructed intercity expressway routes. Make provision of bus lane during peak hour | x |
Fleet-specific improvement for freight
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | Electrification in freight transport | x | x | x |
Freight intermodality - General
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Physical integration with good connectivity of highways, railways and airports with the provisions of intermodal (transfer) facilities | x | x |
Fuel quality improvement
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | Switching fuel to clean energy (electricity, fuel cells, synthetic fuels/biofuels in aviation) | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | diversifying towards electricity, hybrid and natural gases; promoting progressive and affordable standards for fuel quality, and regulating vehicle emissions in order to ensure compliance with air quality | x |
Fuel tax
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Increase the fuel price. This will limit the use of vehicles as per need. | x |
High density development
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Promote high-density and compact city development (minimize travel) |
High speed rail (HSR) improvement
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Study for Kathmandu-Hetauda high-speed railway (HSR) Consideration for possible use of high-speed rail (HSR) in future for the proposed East-West railways routes (civil structure to be designed for HSR | x |
Hydrogen
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | In addition to BEVs, feasibility of other types of zero-emission vehicles such as hydrogen fuel cell and renewable powered vehicles will be assessed and promoted accordingly. | x |
Incentives for EVs and components
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | A customs (import) duty of 1% is in place (compared to a customs duty of 5% for fossil fuel vehicles with more than 40 seats for public transport mentioned in the Budget Speech for FY 2015/16). • Exemption of value added tax (compared to a VAT of 13 % leveed on fossil fuel vehicles for public transport). For electric vehicles for private transport: • A customs (import) duty of 10 % is in place (compared to a customs duty of 80 % for fossil fuel vehicles for private usage). • Exemption of value added tax (compared to a VAT of 13 % leveed on fossil fuel vehicles for private usage). For battery recycling equipment: • A customs duty of 1 % is in place on machinery and equipment used for the recycling of batteries. For electric rickshaw parts: • Exemption of value added tax (compared to a VAT of 13 % leveed on fossil fuel vehicle parts). (Budget Speech 2016/2017) Incentivize new entrants on the electric mobility market | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | provide subsidy scheme for the promotion of electric and non-motorized vehicles | x | ||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Provide rebates in the customs duty of hybrid/electric vehicles as much as 50% and 25% on the prevailing customs duty on conventional vehicles. | x |
Informal public transport (IPT)/ paratransit measures improvement - General
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Introducing electric rickshaws in small and medium-sized cities. ((National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft])) Reconsider ban on additional electric threewheelers | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Introduction of electric rickshaw in small/medium cities | x |
Infrastructure improvements - General
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | transition to zero-emission transportation for intercity, intracity, and freight travel across public and private modes | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Promoting the development of sustainable urban public transport services in all urban areas with over 100,000 residents. | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Construction of service stations on national highways Improvement of major intersection in Kathmandu valley and other major cities (including provision of flyovers) Provision of over/under pass on national highway and railways | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To construct access way, house and huts permanently or temporarily, encroach the road leading to construct in maintaining design speed on high ways shall not be allowed, shall be removed the same, if any. Private sector shall be encouraged to construct and operate cable car at the places which can play vital role because of tourism and other economic activities, where road transport facility is not available and necessity of alternate transport system has also been felt. Private sectors shall be encouraged to construct and operate rope ways in the areas where construction of road is dangerous in environmental and geographical view or where operating road transport is comparatively costly. Local institutions shall be involved in the construction, repairing and maintenance of suspension bridges located in the main way. | x |
Inland waterways (IWT) improvement - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Water transport will be developed and expanded based on feasibility studies. 2. Bilateral and multilateral agreements will be concluded for the construction of the required infrastructure facilitating access to the sea. Inland water transport infrastructure will be prepared and to be affiliated to aqua tourism. The private sector will be prioritized for the operation, development, and expansion of services of water transport. 2. Resources required for the development of water transport will be raised through a public-private partnership. | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | For those remote areas where road -transport is difficult internal water transport system shall be developed by identifying the feasible areas integrating nearest road system Necessary legal provisions shall also be made for the development of internal water transport infrastructure. Identifying the feasible areas for developing water transport, priority shall be given to develop in coordination with private sector. For the development and operation of waterways, His Majesty's Government shall arrange to operate the waterways according to the Act, Rules and Directives by prescribing the measurement taking in view the expansion and security of the same. | x |
Intelligent transport systems (ITS)
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Pilot Intelligent Transport System with traffic actuated signals, remote monitoring and control of traffic speed and flow, SMS/email delivery of traffic violation tickets, and so on. Strengthened traffic monitoring through increased patrolling and remotely through CCTV along SRN, PRN and local roads | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The development of necessary infrastructure for modern ICT-based intelligent transport systems will be started with a detailed plan for roads with high traffic volume. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Exploring possible use of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) for enhancing road safety and transport service improvement, and designing new infrastructure considering possible use of ITS in future. | x |
Involvement of subnational government for transport activities
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Coordinate railway development with regional development and local town development plans | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | In the construction of sections of roads and bridges of the East-West Postal Roads (Hulaki Sadak) the local cooperation shall be obtained and it shall be developed gradually as a highway to connect east with west The rural level transport infrastructure shall be constructed, repaired/maintained and expanded from local level itself by maximum utilizing the existing transport infrastructure. The construction, operation and maintenance of agricultural road and low trafficked roads in use at District and village level shall be done or cause to be done under local development programs. Roads under local road system shall be constructed, maintained and repaired by the local authorities under the plan formulated themselves. The help for the work as: formulation of plan, coordination on foreign resource management, technical cooperation or coordination with central level, to local authority shall be provided by the Ministry of Local Development or the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Road. The help for the work as: formulation of plan, coordination on foreign resource management, technical cooperation or coordination with central level, to local authority shall be provided by the Ministry of Local Development or the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Road. The constructions, maintenance, repair and operation of bus terminals shall be under the working scope of municipality. Identification, conservation of green belt in the urban area shall be the responsibility of the municipality itself. These works shall have to be done by the municipality in coordination with various authorities of His Majesty's Government. Local institutions shall be involved in the construction, repairing and maintenance of suspension bridges located in the main way. | x | x |
LPG/ CNG/ LNG
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | diversifying towards electricity, hybrid and natural gases; promoting progressive and affordable standards for fuel quality, and regulating vehicle emissions in order to ensure compliance with air quality | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To operate bus, tram and other vehicles powered by gas, electricity and solar power. | x | x |
Land use - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Introduction of safe system approach as an integral element in land use planning, city plnning, road design, transport system planning, and governance | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Promoting integrated land-use and transport planning, through institutional and capacity development. (National Urban Development Strategy) | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Coordinate land-use and transport development Undertake settlement planning/restructuring in the rural area before planning for the rural roads Early planning intervention to ensure land-use and transport coordination in newly (recently) declared municipalities or newly extended areas of existing municipalities or metro (and sub-metro) cities. Coordinate production and consumption places (minimalize transport distance) | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Given attention to the long term development process of the country in time, and with the view to open the way for future, appropriate land for the possible express day, fast track road, by-pass, electric railway and dedicated utility lanes, in urban areas, new international airport, shall be identified and separated in time and shall be acquired in advance. | x | x | x |
Low-emission vehicle zones
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Within five years, operate only zero-emission vehicles in tourist and culturally sensitive areas (Kathmandu Valley Air Quality Management Action Plan, 2076 [2020]) | x | x |
Managing transport GHG emission
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | By 2030, measures will be included in policies to offset the carbon footprint of emissions resulting from tourism transport. | x | x | x |
Measures to increase car occupancy
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | To relieve congestion in urban areas: initiate strategies including congestion pricing schemes, entry restriction based on the time of the day and type of vehicles, the minimum number of passengers in cars, maximum parking duration, and parking/ stopping spots for buses and taxis. | x | x |
Mobility-as-a-service (MAAS)
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The automatic fare system will be made more effective based on practical and scientific criteria | x |
Modal shift
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Modal shift to railway/water transport Promote modal shift (from private to public) | x | x |
National speed law
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ascertain and implement blanket speed limit for all categories of roads i.e., SRN, LRN, Urban Roads. | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | The limitation of speed shall be maintained 20 Km/h on rural hilly roads The limitation of speed shall be maintained from 20 to 40 Km/h on hilly and feeder roads. Manage to maintain speed limit according to road design. | x |
Nationwide emergency hotline for road crashes
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Introduce a nationwide toll-free number and Unified Command Centers to address severe road crashes. Establishment of: (a) Pilot UFC with toll-free number; (b) Protocol for communication and mobilization of Rapid Responder Team, ambulances, and traffic police In each province, establishment of: (a) UFC with toll-free number; (b) Protocol for communication and mobilization of Rapid Responder Team, ambulances and traffic police | x |
Nature-based solutions
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Promote nature-based solutions to building resilience of the road sector. | x |
Number of vehicle registration limit
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Not to allow more motor vehicles than the certain density. For this purpose, the means of controlling vehicle ownership and city parking fee shall be taken up. | x |
Operational efficiency in logistics
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Minimize empty-running of trucks Improve operational efficiency of truck transport Urban freight: · Provision of appropriately located freight station · Design of efficient distribution logistics · Clean vehicles | x | x |
Park and ride facility
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Development of supplementary infrastructure such as storied parking lots, higher charges on on-road metered parking, and Park-and-Ride facilities. | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make provision of parking for introducing park-and-ride system | x |
Parking measures - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | To relieve congestion in urban areas: initiate strategies including congestion pricing schemes, entry restriction based on the time of the day and type of vehicles, the minimum number of passengers in cars, maximum parking duration, and parking/ stopping spots for buses and taxis. Development of overhead/ underground parking lots near UNESCO heritage sites and its surroundings through PPP. Enforce parking at road edge or lay-bye for a month each year to help develop a habit among passenger buses | x | x | |||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Encouraging the private sector to invest in the construction and management of electric vehicle parking stations and service centres (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Encouraging private sector to invest in construction and management of electric vehicle parking stations and service centers. (Environment Friendly Transport Policy) | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make provision of parking facilities in Kathmandu and other major cities | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Not to allow more motor vehicles than the certain density. For this purpose, the means of controlling vehicle ownership and city parking fee shall be taken up. Arrangement shall. be made as to not allowing parking except in specified places. | x | ||||
| Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) | 1993 | Parking place and bus stand to be determined: The competent authority shall, in consultation with the officials of local bodies at the village, municipal and district levels, determine parking places and bus stands, without causing adverse effects on traffic on the main roads. | x |
Passenger and freight load limits
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ensure loading of vehicles does not exceed the manufacturer's specifications or as legally allowed limits as per VTMA § 102, 117, and VTMR § 15. | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Manage not to allow vehicles to carry goods and passengers beyond capacity | x | ||||
| Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) | 1993 | Prescription of number of passengers and quantity of goods to be hold in motor vehicle: (1) The Department shall determine the number of passengers and the weight of goods permissible in a public motor vehicle and publish a notice to that effect for information of the general public. (2) A public motor vehicle may not carry persons or goods in excess of such number of persons or weight of goods as may be specified pursuant to Sub-section (1). | x |
Planning to reduce future vulnerabilities and minimizing losses
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Undertake climate vulnerability and risk hazard mapping of the road sector | x |
Post-crash response - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Capacity building on trauma-care service. Establish a network of trauma care facilities. Identify hospitals for the establishment of trauma and rehabilitation units along major highways | x |
Private sector cooperation
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | private sector mobilization for reduction of emissions in industry and transport (National Climate Change Policy, 2019) Encouraging the private sector to invest in the construction and management of electric vehicle parking stations and service centres (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Rail transport shall be developed in immediate possible or will be possible sectors with the participation of private sector on the basis of comparative benefits with road transport. • The private sector shall be encouraged to develop and institutional operation of the railway transport. The Government shall not give heavy machinery tools on hire in order to - promote institutional development in the private sector. A necessary transitional arrangement shall be made in this regard. Urban Roads: Those works shall be conducted by peoples' participation. | x |
Private sector investment/ PPP
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | High-cost infrastructure such as national highways and interprovincial roads will be developed by ensuring quality through modern forms of contract, including public-private partnership, EPC, and design-built. Resources required for the development of water transport will be raised through a public-private partnership. The private sector will be effectively regulated, and investment in public transport will be encouraged from the local level and cooperative sector. | x | x | x | ||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Private sector participation shall be encouraged in the construction of wire road, cable car and environment friendly green road as a short distance transport infrastructure related with pilgrimage and tourism destination. To attract and encourage foreign and native private sector to construct/build airports, roads, waterways and rope ways like transport structure through the process of Build Operate and Transfer (BOT), Operate and Transfer (OT) and Build, own, operate and Transfer (BOOT). In inviting investment of the private sector in such way, facilities shall be provided as to increase employment, economic activities in the affected area of the contransport structure as will as project. To make government procedure more transparent, short, simple and attractive. To implement Public Infrastructure construction and Hand over Policy, 1057 (19..) in totality. | x | x |
Promote active transport
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | promote the shift towards more sustainable transport modes such as non-motorized transport and further promote public transport systems (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | o avoid unnecessary travel, reduce trip distance, promote the shift towards more sustainable transport modes such as non-motorized transport component in the transport plan | x |
Promotion of local manufacturing, services, and contracting in transport
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Improving the possibility of local vehicle assembly by improving access to required vehicle parts, including batteries (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Improving the possibility of local assembly by improving access to required vehicle parts, including batteries (Environment Friendly Transport Policy) Support local electric vehicle assembly or manufacturing projects | x |
Public transport improvement - General
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | An effective public transport system in Kathmandu Valley and other metropolitan cities will be established by 2030 and in all other urban areas by 2035. | x | x | x | ||
| National Implementation Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2080-2087) | 2023 | Establishing a public transport facility in Kathmandu. | x | x | |||
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Explore mass passenger transport alternatives in Metro and Sub-metro cities. Undertake adequate study prior to awarding route permits for inter-province buses and make necessary arrangments to record routes in an electronic platform | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | emphasize mass transit and bus rapid transit (15th Five-Year Plan (2019/20 – 2023/24)) well-managed and reliable transport system (Periodic Plans of Local Governments) special attention to improving ‘the comfort, reliability, safety, frequency, availability and affordability of public transport' to reduce the harmful emissions from mobility sources; (National Transport Policy, 2001) promote the shift towards more sustainable transport modes such as non-motorized transport and further promote public transport systems (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x | ||||
| Nepal LTS | 2021 | · Promotion of electric mass passenger transpor | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Operating electric bus, tram and other public transport vehicles, especially in cities. (NTP) Introducing electric bus public transportation in urban areas (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) Reform route and permit management for electric public transport | x | x | |||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | promote public transport | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Seek balance between the cost of private mode and public transport fare Provision of public transport (electric vehicles) and NMT facilities in cities/towns that are popular tourist destination o Raising public awareness on the benefits of public transport o Imposing higher cost on private modes (‘push' factor) o Making public transport attractive (‘pull' factor) | x | x | |||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Encourage use of public transport | x |
Public transport intermodality - General
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make provisions for bus terminals, bus stops, taxi stands and bicycle stands and transfer facilities Enforce integrated fare system (eg distance-based) for public transport | x |
Public transport safety
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Establish a modality to encourage public vehicle operators to maintain a better safety record. | x |
Rail improvement - General
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Identifying the feasible areas according to the demand for operating rail transport, a long term planning shall be drafted to develop it coordinating within national transport system. • | x |
Rail infrastructure expansion
| National Implementation Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (2080-2087) | 2023 | East West Railway Development of capacity of airfriendly transport system and operational speed trains. | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Develop electrical (hydropowered) rail network by 2040 to support mass transportation of goods and public commuting. (NDC) | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | A national strategic network of railways will be developed based on a master plan. 2. Railways included in the project bank following feasibility studies will be constructed and expanded. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Construction of Mechi-Mahakali-Kathmandu-Pokhara electric railways | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Construction of existing rail services shall be expanded and developed in coordination with the Indian rail way service | x |
Railway electrification
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Planning for an electric rail service, utilizing hydropower (NTP) Encouraging the development of a high-priority, national electric rail system. (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) Recognition of the need to strengthen electric rail and sustainable mass transport services. (Fourteenth Three-Year Plan 2016/2017- 2018/2019) Undertaking research and analysis into the viability of establishing electric ail and ropeways. Prioritizing the development of electric rail systems. (National Energy Strategy) Advance electric rail initiatives | x | ||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Research on the probability of electric trains and ropeways (both electric and mechanical). | x |
Reference to domestic financing mechanisms
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Identifying and implementing innovative funding mechanisms, such as central matching funds for road safety interventions at the provincial levels. | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | provision of economic instrumentsin the form of custom and tax incentivesto promote private sector involvement in the construction, maintenance and rehabilitation of transport infrastructure and to encourage non-polluting vehicles (National Transport Policy, 2001) establish financing mechanism for e-mobility (National Action Plan for Electric Mobility, 2018) | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | The maximum loan-to-value ratio for personal electric vehicles loan has been increased to 80 percent. (Bank Monetary Policy) | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make use of value-capture mechanism to fund urban transport infrastructure investment and integrate transport and land development. Balancing social cost and benefits of different intercity modes through subsidies and taxes Taxing private modes (vehicle tax and fuel tax) and provide subsidy to public transport form the collected revenue | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To promote private sector involvement in the construction maintenance and rehabilitation of transport infrastructure and to encourage non polluting vehicles exemption on custom duty and tax on related construction materials, machinery, equipment and vehicles for limited period shall be given. With an objective to minimize the total transport expenditure within the specified life cycle, a service fee, on the basis of minimum service standard to be received y the consumer, shall be prescribed by increasing its effectiveness and the maintenance work of the road shall be done by - the amount so raised and institutional- development. of maintenance shall be done. | x |
Renewable energy
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | In addition to BEVs, feasibility of other types of zero-emission vehicles such as hydrogen fuel cell and renewable powered vehicles will be assessed and promoted accordingly. | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | using electricity from renewable energy sources. (National Transport Policy) Encouragement of vehicles powered by alternative and renewable energy sources. (Fourteenth Three-Year Plan 2016/2017- 2018/2019) | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | Promote renewable and clean energy and energy efficient technology | |||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | developing a transport system with renewable sources such as electric and solar energy. (National Transport Policy 2001) |
Reporting, transparency, feedback mechanism
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Realtime tracking of all vehicles plying on SRN and PRN and local roads | x | ||||
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Conduct periodic monitoring and review as necessitated by standards | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Conduct periodic personal trip survey for Kathmandu valley | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Regular monitoring whether or not the means of transportation are operating according to specific standard shall be done and anyone violating the standard shall be severely punished. Arrangement shall be made to recover the loss and damage caused due to the wrong advice given by the person and advisory, institution of the private sector. |
Repurposing road space for active mobility access
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Segregate pedestrians, bicycles, NMT, and other slow-moving vehicles from fast-moving vehicles along SRN Roads (atleast at and nearby settlement areas). | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Pedestrian way and dedicated bicycle lanes along national highway sections passing through the settlement areas. | x |
Research in transport sector
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Planning for an electric rail service, utilizing hydropower (NTP) Encouraging the development of a high-priority, national electric rail system. (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) Recognition of the need to strengthen electric rail and sustainable mass transport services. (Fourteenth Three-Year Plan 2016/2017- 2018/2019) Undertaking research and analysis into the viability of establishing electric ail and ropeways. Prioritizing the development of electric rail systems. (National Energy Strategy) Advance electric rail initiatives | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Start courses on railway planning, engineering, and management in public engineering campus · Establish railway training institute · Building capacity for transport policy research o Establish in-house think-tank within government agencies o Establish long-run collaboration for transport policy research with some research center of public university Design public transport routes and franchising policy based on scientific analysis | x | x | |||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Research on the probability of electric trains and ropeways (both electric and mechanical). | x |
Resilient transport infrastructure
| National Review of Sustainable Development Goals | 2017 | building resilient infrastructure | x | x |
Resilient transport technology
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | . Alternative measures will be adopted to minimize road closures due to landslides and accidents. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Use of green road technology and bio-engineering to minimize ecological impacts and landslide hazards due to construction of rural roads | x |
Road charging and tolls
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | To relieve congestion in urban areas: initiate strategies including congestion pricing schemes, entry restriction based on the time of the day and type of vehicles, the minimum number of passengers in cars, maximum parking duration, and parking/ stopping spots for buses and taxis. | x | x | |||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The collection of revenue and fees in the transport sector, including road charges, will be based on the electronic system | x |
Road infrastructure expansion
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The East-West Highway will be upgraded to Asian Highway standards and inter-provincial highways will be expanded based on traffic volume. North-South Highways of Karnali and Sudurpashchim provinces still struggling with proper road networks will be developed and expanded based on traffic volume ensuring domestic as well as international connectivity. Provisions will be made to expand and strengthen the road access to administrative centers of local governments. While developing and expanding the road network, factors such as the contribution towards provincial balance, economic hubs, or touristic destinations will be taken into account. Modern road infrastructure including fly-overs and underpasses in city areas, tunnel roads in major highways, and viaducts will be developed as part of the expansion and development of roads of strategic importance to reduce travel time. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Completion and upgrading of Strategic Road Network (SRN Construction of Kathmandu Terai Fast Track (KTFT) and Kathmandu Kulekhani Hetauda Tunnel (KKHT) highways Acquire right-of-way for by-pass roads in towns along national highways Construction of service lanes and pedestrian facilities on national highways Expand road network in Kathmandu Valley and other major cities Designate the road hierarchy and complete missing links in Kathmandu Planning and implementation of outer ring-road and other suburban arterial roads in Kathmandu valley | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | A Mid-Hills East-West Highway will be gradually constructed and upgraded and far western mid-hills east-west Highway shall be developed. | x |
Road safety improvement - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Introduction of safe system approach as an integral element in land use planning, city plnning, road design, transport system planning, and governance Segregate fast-moving traffic on opposing lanes whenever the cruising speed is likely to exceed 40 kmph Use of combined passenger-freight vehicles on low traffic roads Implementation of traffic calming measures to bring down the cruising speed to the prescribed speed limit. Ensure prohibition of unauthorized road works and opening of access (as per § 19 of PRA). Develop roadside amenities, truck/ bus laybys, and refresh center for long route drivers Initiate systematic elimination of traffic bottlenecks as a part of road development package (caused by abruptly narrowed intersections, road sections, culverts, inadequate extra-widening at sharp curves, etc.). Systematic improvement of footpath and road carriageway by clearing physical obstructions (eg: utility poles, tree stumps), removing vendors/ parked vehicles, surface improvement, and railing at intersections to encourage pedestrian to use the footpath. Ensure nationwide erection of speed control sign and publish notice on speed zones | x |
Road surfacing
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Attention shall be given to make rigid pavement on the main roads. | x |
Road-side checks for traffic safety enforcement
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Control overloading of freight trucks through the installation of weighing stations at border crossing points and along major trade corridors. Establish or operate under PPP model a weighbridge in each 50km of CRN roads Ensure loading of vehicles does not exceed the manufacturer's specifications or as legally allowed limits as per VTMA § 102, 117, and VTMR § 15. Ensure the compulsory use of seat-belt by front-seat car passengers and the use of helmets by all motorcycle riders (as per MVTMA § 130). | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To operate the appropriate axle load system vehicles to reduce load on roads. | x | ||||
| Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) | 1993 | Weight of motor vehicle: The Department may determine the limit of weight of a motor vehicle in respect of any public place. Where the limit of weight of a motor vehicle is so determined, no one shall drive, or cause to be driven, the motor vehicle in that public place in excess of the limit of weight so determined. | x |
Routine transport asset maintenance
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Instill concept to prioritize periodic maintenance of roads based on the traffic volume | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Road maintenance will be regularly monitored based standards of road maintenance and responsibilities agreed for each level of government. | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Road maintenance activities shall be conducted classifying the activities as general maintenance (regular and recurrent), periodic maintenance, emergency maintenance and preventative maintenance. General maintenance activities and periodic .maintenance activities shall be programmed and undertaken using a cyclic approach. Generally, periodic maintenance shall be done for black topped and graveled roads on every 6 years. | x |
Rural transport services
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make provision of public transport in rural areas | x | x |
Shared mobility - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ride-sharing culture will be developed. | x |
Solar energy
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | expansion of solar poweredandelectricity-driventransportmeansthroughoutthecountry (National Transport Policy, 2001) | |||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | developing a transport system with renewable sources such as electric and solar energy. (National Transport Policy 2001) | |||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To operate bus, tram and other vehicles powered by gas, electricity and solar power. | x | x |
Stakeholder involvement - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Resources will be managed for the protection and promotion of road infrastructure by also involving road users. | x |
Taxi - General
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Make provisions for bus terminals, bus stops, taxi stands and bicycle stands and transfer facilities | x |
Technical standards for general transport infrastructure
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Standardizing two-wheeler uses Develop a national standard for vehicle accessories such as brake, tire, and seatbelt in conformity to the 1958 Agreement on Vehicle Regulations. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Preparing comprehensive transport management standards and plans. (National Urban Development Strategy) | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Improve service level of public transport (speed, vehicles standard, reliability, safety) | x |
Technical standards for road infrastructure
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Categorization and standards for national highways, provincial highways, urban roads, and local and rural roads will be carried out. | x | x | |||
| Nepal Urban Road Standard - 2076 | 2019 | Nepal Urban Road Design Standards - detailed document | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Upgrade the design standard of rural roads Upgrading engineering and environmental standards of rural roads | x |
Technical standards for sidewalks and bicycle paths
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Setting standards for pedestrian way and NMT lanes in urban areas | x | x |
Technical standards for vehicles
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Standardizing two-wheeler uses Develop a national standard for vehicle accessories such as brake, tire, and seatbelt in conformity to the 1958 Agreement on Vehicle Regulations. | x | ||||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Develop guidelines for vehicle conversion and/or hybridization | x |
Technology and knowledge transfer
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Launch a pilot project to demonstrate benefits of real-time monitoring by installing commercial vehicles operating along two highway sections with a tracking device Tracking devices will be installed on all commercial vehicles and linked with the centralized vehicle tracking/monitoring system Real-time information on traffic condition and safety issues for the drivers through FM, mobile app, and SMS alerts at the provincial level. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The in-house staff of the road sector will be optimally involved in projects implemented under foreign aid to help transfer knowledge, skills, and technologies. A fully-automated electronic system will be developed by optimally using information technologies to improve institutional effectiveness by facilitating access to all information related to the development, expansion, maintenance, and operations of road infrastructure. Appropriate methods including bio-engineering will be effectively adopted for preventing surface soil erosion. Vehicles tracking will be carried out through a global positioning system (GPS). The collection of revenue and fees in the transport sector, including road charges, will be based on the electronic system | x | ||||
| National Review of Sustainable Development Goals | 2017 | modernizing transport and communication systems | x | x |
Teleworking
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Promote tele-commuting |
Traffic management
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Study on the possibility of authorizing/ prohibiting vehicle use based on the traffic demand, terrain, altitude, and type of road. Traffic monitoring at known road crash blackspots remotely through CCTV | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Traffic congestion in major cities will be managed by installing traffic lights. | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Improvement of traffic management system in Kathmandu valley and other major cities | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | The traffic density and movement shall be kept within a particular limit on the basis of carrying capacity and land utilization of every city in the urban area. | x | x |
Training of enforcement authorities
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Each Traffic Police unit to develop /implement a patrolling plan. | x |
Transit-oriented development (TOD)
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Promote transit oriented development (TOD) in big and small cities Plan and implement urban development schemes under Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Kathmandu valley and other sub-metropolitan cities | x | x |
Transport Laws and Regulations- General
| Strategy and Initiatives for Electrification of Public Transportation in Nepal | n.d. | Motor vehicles subjected to Environment friendly, and energy efficiency-oriented modifications shall be exempted for three years from the Provision under subsection (2) of section 39 of Motor Vehicle and Transport Management Act, 1993. (Gon Decision and Gazette Notification: March 28, 2022) | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Road development: Necessary amendments in the law and policy improvements will be carried out with the high priority New laws and policies will be introduced, and existing laws will be revised in accordance with international laws and practices for the development and operation of water transport. | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | A comprehensive Transport Act, Rules covering road transport, tunnel, railways, waterways, rope ways, cable car, airport and multi-modal transport shall be enacted and implemented. It shall be managed that the vehicle should be used only on that purpose for which it is made. To take legal action against any organization and individual that obstructs to provide an affordable and accessible transport service in competitive way Manage to make fife,- insurance of passengers and insurance of vehicles compulsorily | x | x |
Transport asset condition assessment
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Route permits for vehicles will be issued only after assessing road conditions, and the public transport system in major cities including the federal capital will be re-routed. | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | The priority for improvement and reconstruction of road shall be based on the daily traffic volume possible economic benefit. Road maintenance activities shall be conducted classifying the activities as general maintenance (regular and recurrent), periodic maintenance, emergency maintenance and preventative maintenance. | x |
Transport asset management - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | The East-West Highway will be upgraded to Asian Highway standards and inter-provincial highways will be expanded based on traffic volume. . Resources for road maintenance will be managed through the Roads Board. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Completion and upgrading of Strategic Road Network (SRN | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | In order to deliver an appropriate level of service from the existing transport infrastructure, necessary maintenance, repair and protection shall be implemented. To construct, improve, maintain and rehabilitate the important road system an autonomous and self contained organization shall be established. | x |
Transport asset management information system
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | The roads under central road system shall be evaluated in every three years regularly. All roads those are not included in the central road system shall be classified under local road system. | x |
Transport asset management technology
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Introduce advance and innovative construction/maintenance methods for urban roads Utilize bio-engineering techniques | x | x |
Transport demand management - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Determine routes, frequency, normal/ extended operating hours, normal/ off-hour fare, and size of intra-province buses while ensuring sustainability and attractiveness of services. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Plan for regional economic zones and transport connectivity to minimize intercity travel and for better economic integration among the regions. · Planned city development along national transport corridors giving priority for making use of public transport (intercity) more efficient and convenient (such as with provisions of bus terminal, access/egress modes). Minimize empty-running of trucks Plan for regional economic zones and transport connectivity to minimize intercity travel and for better economic integration among the regions. · Planned city development along national transport corridors giving priority for making use of public transport (intercity) more efficient and convenient (such as with provisions of bus terminal, access/egress modes). | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Operation permit to the means of transportation shall be given only on the competitive basis To manage as fully to permit only light vehicles and mini-buses mini-trucks on the road of remote hilly regions. | x |
Transport finance - General
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | encourage local governments and cooperatives to invest in public transport and effectively regulate the private sector. (15th Five-Year Plan (2019/20 – 2023/24)) | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Resources will be managed for the protection and promotion of road infrastructure by also involving road users. Dependence on traditional public sector resources will be reduced by tapping into alternative sources of investment for finance. . Resources for road maintenance will be managed through the Roads Board. While attracting foreign direct investment for the construction and operation of railways, the latest approaches to contract management will be adopted. | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Improve banking for electric mobility businesses | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | Construction of transport infrastructure and operation of transport shall not be carried out with the subsidy of His Majesty's Government. Government subsidy and cross subsidy shall be stopped except to the project or condition prescribed by His Majesty's Government by clearly arranging the budget in the transport structure and service slatted with poverty alleviation and disaster relief service. | x | x |
Transport infrastructure modification to reduce climate risks
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Developing and mainstreaming project screening guidelines Provision of network redundancy in transport planning |
Transport institutional reform
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Formulation of policy and draft bill to bring individual passenger vehicle operators under a mass-transport authority A separate dedicated unit will be established with adequate human and technical resources for managing data at the Federal, Provincial, and Local level. Establish a Road Safety Unit at Department of Health Services Establish Road Safety Councils at federal, provincial, and municipal (metropolitan/ sub-metropolitan) levels through law. Formulation of policy and draft bill to bring individual passenger vehicle operators under a mass-transport authority A separate dedicated unit will be established with adequate human and technical resources for managing data at the Federal, Provincial, and Local level. | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | establish a unit for promoting e-mobility; (National Action Plan for Electric Mobility, 2018) | x | ||||
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Develop a Decision Support System for Transportation Systems to enable understanding of the unfolding climate vulnerability and risks in the transport sector | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Institutional reforms will be introduced to make institutions accountable to users by undertaking a review of existing institutional arrangements. A strategic partner will be brought in to make the management of NAC efficient, strong, and competitive. . Professionalism and efficiency of NAC will be enhanced through institutional strengthening. 2. In view of international norms and national requirements, a Civil Aviation Act will be prepared to create two separate agencies for service provision and regulation by restructuring the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Developing required institutional structures and support for electric mobility (National Sustainable Transport Strategy [Draft]) | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Restructure transport regulatory institutions and reform regulatory provisions for transport services | x | x | x |
Transport international conventions - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Establish VFTC conforming to the 1997 Convention on Technical Inspection of Vehicles in all provinces with the capacities matching the legal test frequency for each type of vehicle within a year Ratification of the 1975 Agreement on Minimum Requirements for Driving Permits Aligning the existing legal tools for compatibility with the ratified UN resolutions Develop and implement standard procedure while issuing a driving license in conformity to the 1975 Agreement on Minimum Requirements for Driving Permits | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Nepal will be a party to international covenants, conventions, and agreements on water transportation. | x |
Transport labels - General
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Categorization and standards for national highways, provincial highways, urban roads, and local and rural roads will be carried out. Major sources of emission and drivers of greenhouse gases including transport, industry, energy, agriculture, forest, and land use will be categorized based on emission volume, and criteria for emission measurement will be prepared. | x | x | |||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Classification of road system based on the degree of vulnerability | x |
Transport resilience - general
| National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 - 2050 | 2021 | Promote and use climate-resilient and environment friendly tools, technologies, and inclusive measures in roads and transport (e.g., green belts, avenue plantations, bioengineering, bypasses, distance shortening, electric vehicles, waterways, railways, charging stations, etc.). | x |
Travel time improvement
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Modern road infrastructure including fly-overs and underpasses in city areas, tunnel roads in major highways, and viaducts will be developed as part of the expansion and development of roads of strategic importance to reduce travel time. | x |
Urban rail improvement
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Private investment will be attracted to the construction of metro and monorail in feasible urban areas including Kathmandu Valley by preparing detailed project reports. | x | x | |||
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Recognition of the need to undertake feasibility studies for the establishment of a metro or monorail service in the capital (Fourteenth Three-Year Plan 2016/2017- 2018/2019) | x | x |
Vehicle air pollution emission standards
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Upgraded emission standards Up scaling vehicle emissions standards in Kathmandu valley Strict monitoring of compliance of vehicle emission standard | x | ||||
| National Energy Strategy of Nepal | 2013 | Make vehicle emission standard stringent and monitored accordingly at the same time by fixing high penalty to those vehicles that do not meet the set emission standards. development of a transport system that is pollution free (National Transport Policy 2001) | x |
Vehicle efficiency standards
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | diversifying towards electricity, hybrid and natural gases; promoting progressive and affordable standards for fuel quality, and regulating vehicle emissions in order to ensure compliance with air quality | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Improved standard for vehicle energy efficiency Improve engine efficiency (fuel economy) | x |
Vehicle improvement - General
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Form a working group involving motor vehicle importers, body fabricators, and transport operators and consult on the possibility to operate half-bus, half truck type vehicles on certain routes. | x |
Vehicle inspection and maintenance
| Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0 | 2025 | Vehicle fitness test centers and a national research center for motor vehicles will be established by 2030. Vehicle fitness standards and testing protocols will be implemented by 2035. | x | ||||
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Establish VFTC conforming to the 1997 Convention on Technical Inspection of Vehicles in all provinces with the capacities matching the legal test frequency for each type of vehicle within a year At least one VFTC will be established in each province under the PPP model. Establish a provincial and national database to keep the record of initial registration, vehicle use authorization, inspection history, crash history, ownership history, and driver history. Grant access to the registration data to all TMO and Traffic Police Offices, and disseminate regularly on the official website. Amend the Guidelines on vehicle fitness inspection and testing to include maintenance workshops to be recognized by the vehicle manufacturer and qualification of authorized mechanics. | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Automated technology will be used for measuring vehicle pollution by establishing a vehicle testing office at the province level The private sector, too, will be encouraged to set up vehicle fitness centers for the check-up of vehicles. | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Strengthening vehicle testing and green sticker system. Monitoring of vehicle/engine condition for compliance | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To check and cause to check roadworthiness of a new vehicle after five year and thereafter in every two years. | x |
Vehicle labelling
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Strengthening vehicle testing and green sticker system. | x |
Vehicle manufacturing
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Monitoring of bus/truck fabricators and service centers | x | ||||
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | Encouraging manufacturing of environment-friendly vehicles, including EV. (Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy, 2014) | x |
Vehicle restrictions (import, age, access, sale, taxation)
| Nepal Road Safety Action Plan (2021-2030) | 2022 | Ensure only vehicles meeting acceptable standards for safe driving are allowed to ply (as per VTMR § 17, 144). | x | ||||
| National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal (2015-2040) | 2015 | Regulation on aging vehicles o Implement the policy decision of phasing out 20 years old vehicles o Prepare guidelines for limiting vehicles ages by the kind of vehicles (such as private, taxis, buses, mini?buses, freight vehicles, vehicles for urban, intercity and rural; vehicles for terai and hill areas) | x | x | |||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | The import of the vehicles older than five years shall be restricted. Sound and air polluting vehicles shall be restricted. To manage separate standard for the vehicles operating in the urban area. | x | x |
Vehicle roadworthiness laws and regulations
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To check and cause to check roadworthiness of a new vehicle after five year and thereafter in every two years. To restrict motorized vehicles in prescribed core areas. Arrangement shall. be made as to not allowing parking except in specified places. To maintain designed speed on the high-speed roads fast track and express way and in order not to allow speed breaking old and vehicles not having specified roadworthiness shall not be allowed to run. | x | ||||
| Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 2049 (1993) | 1993 | Road worthiness certificate to be issued The Government of Nepal may determine and prescribe necessary criteria on the following matters in order to examine and ascertain whether a motor vehicle is capable of being plied: (a) Mechanical condition of the motor vehicle. (b) Length, breadth, height, structure and body of the motor vehicle. (c) Pollution likely to be generated from the motor vehicle. (d) Period during which the motor vehicle can be plied. (2) In issuing the road worthiness certificate after examining whether a motor vehicle is capable of being plied or issuing the test certificate, the competent authority shall make examination subject to the criteria prescribed pursuant to Sub-section (1) | x |
Vehicle scrappage scheme
| National Action Plan for Electric Mobility | 2018 | Identify and co-fund battery recycling Improve data collection on vehicle registration and scrapping | x | ||||
| Nepal First NDC | 2016 | By 2025, Nepal will strive to decrease the rate of air pollution through proper monitoring of sources of air pollutants like wastes, old and unmaintained vehicles, and industries | x | ||||
| National Transport Policy | 2001 | To manage not to dispose old vehicles and useless things of vehicles like batteries and lubricants etc. other than the place and manner as specified. | x |
Vehicle taxes
| Assessment of Electric Mobility Targets for Nepal's 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | 2021 | fixing an appropriate tariff for EV (15th Five-Year Plan (2019/20 – 2023/24)) | x | ||||
| The Fifteenth Plan (Fiscal Year 2019/20 - 2023/24) | 2020 | Electric vehicles will be promoted and appropriate tariffs will be fixed by conducting a study on tariff rates. | x |
Disclaimer
The Asian Transport Observatory (ATO) project collects, collates, and organizes data from publicly available official, as well as reputable and peer-reviewed secondary sources, which may contain incomplete or inconsistent data. It is important to note that the ATO does not generate data. Changes in the methodologies used in the sources, and changes in the values due to such changes may not necessarily be highlighted in this specific document. Moreover, while the ATO carries out quality control and assurance of whether the data are truthfully reflected in the ATO, the ATO does not make any warranties or representations as to the appropriateness, quality, accuracy, or completeness of the data in the ATO databases, and in the knowledge products that are produced from such. Users are encouraged to scrutinize, verify, interpret, and judge the data before utilizing them. For the profiles, please note that we utilize the 3-letter codes from ISO due to the global nature of some of the figures. All insights are grounded in ATO national, urban, and policy databases. To ensure professional excellence, human-generated texts undergo AI-assisted refinement for grammar and clarity. Editorial judgment and content responsibility remain fully with the ATO, and AI is not used for autonomous content generation.